Project part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project part - Essay Example These stores are spread in countries like US, Canada, China and Puerto Rico. In the year 2007, the company was able announce and expand its operation up to 40 percent that prospected an increase in stores to a tune of 1800 globally on top of the already existing 1400 stores that operate in US. This great company traces its roots back in 1966 in the state of Minnesota a place called St. Paul where it was called Sound Music Store. (Pinkerton 12) The company waded through the murky waters of business, beating competition until the year 1983 when it rebranded to Best Buy with its first store opening in Burnsville in Minnesota. The company managed to feature in the Forbes magazine in the year 1993 where it was ranked as the second largest consumer shop that retails in electronics thus making it number 373 out of top 500 companies in the US. In the year 1999 the company partnered with Microsoft that enabled it to open a sourcing point and a store in Shanghai, China in the year 2003 and 2007 respectively. The company is now completing its expansion process of putting up stores in countries like Turkey and Mexico as a process of continuing with its global expansion. The company is glorified by becoming the first one ever in the year 1997 in the history of US that pioneered the sale of DVD hardware and software, again it also managed to be the first company that helped in the digital migration from analogue ten years later. The la st fortune came when the company was named company of the year in the Forbes magazine in the year 2004. (Pinkerton,

The ethical theories of natural law and situation ethics Essay Example for Free

The ethical theories of natural law and situation ethics Essay There are two main approaches to ethics which are held by Christians today. Over the years it has proved to be a very controversial and widely debated issue. Catholics and certain other strict denominations of the Christian church hold the view that natural law should be the means of making ethical decisions, whereas more liberal Christians consider situation ethics as a more suitable ethical system to go by. Natural law was advocated by St Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. It states that all ethical decisions should be made by looking at the absolute moral laws which have been laid down for us by God. For Christians these stem from The Ten Commandments. Believers in this are known as Ethical Deontologists. They maintain that an action is intrinsically good, bad, right or wrong. When faced with a moral dilemma, one should refer to the Law, irrespectively of what the outcome will be. It is suggested that the human purpose of life is to live and reproduce, to live harmoniously, to learn and to worship God. Problems can arise when the consequence of the decision causes more harm than good. An example of this can be found in Catholic moral theology abortion is immoral and can never be permitted. A loophole in this law means that a surgical procedure may be acceptable even if the result of it leads to the death of a foetus. In this case abortion isnt the primary intention, but is a by-product of the primary objective. This makes it permissible, but can lead to further problems if there are more biological complications. It is at points such as this that the basic natural law approach begins to fall apart. In this day and age it is becoming increasingly difficult to apply absolute moral laws to every situation that arises. On the basis of the principle, it could be argued that it is acceptable to kill thousands of Afghans so as to avoid the deaths of a few Americans. Evil effects can be easily justified by claiming that they are by-products of ones actions. This brings us to the question of whether God has laid down firm and unalterable rules or whether as human beings, we need to make our own moral decisions. As a result of the major flaws that appear in the theory of natural law, a Teleological approach to ethics was later introduced by the Anglican theologian, Joseph Fletcher, although the basic ideas of situation ethics have a much longer history. This relative theory of ethics is based on consequentiality the outcome of an action. The main principle of this theory is that for an action to be ethical, it simply has to be carried out in a loving manner. Nothing is intrinsically good except for love. Actions are good if they help human beings and they are bad if they hurt people there are no other criteria. What is right in one case may be wrong in another. The individual and the situation are the only important thing when making a decision, rather than applying a principle (for example thou shalt not kill). The following quotations help to summarise situation ethics, There is only one ultimate and invariable duty, and its formula is Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. How to do this is another question, but this is the whole of moral duty. (William Temple) The law of love is the ultimate law because it is the negation of law; it is absolute because it concerns everything concretethe absolutism of love is its power to go into concrete situations. (Paul Tillich) Even though the teleological approach is a relative theory of ethics, it still involves an absolute law which is to do everything in love. However, the relativity of this theory allows room for exceptions to rules. Relativism doesnt imply that anything goes. For something to be relative, youve got to have something to be a benchmark, and situation ethics states that it should be relative to love. Fletcher said that it relativises the absolute, it does not absolutise the relative! Jesus and the apostles replaced the Torah, the strict Jewish Law with the principle of love. In the New Testament Jesus condemns the Pharisees for taking the Jewish Laws to such extremes because it loses the spirit in which the Law was written. This Christian love that Jesus taught and lived is known as agape. Agape does not depend on being loved in return. The command of love calls individuals to a high level of personal responsibility. Agape is not selective and doesnt have favourites it is a matter of attitude not feeling. It desires the good of others, not of the self. Above all, Christian love is practical (James 2:14-26). Jesus tells us that we should love our enemies our neighbour is anybody and everybody. As with just about every theory of morality, situation ethics is open to a considerable amount of criticism. The notion of basing actions on consequentiality is not always helpful because it can be difficult to determine the outcomes of certain situations, especially in the long-term. Humans also tend to look at situations subjectively so it becomes easy for selfishness to taint love. It can be difficult to assess a situation with objectivity. Even some actions dont necessarily become good just because they are done from a loving motive. The two theories that I have looked at are in stark contrast to one another. I think that it is difficult, if not impossible, to say that there is one approach that should be used at all times to justify every ethical decision that needs to be made. Each situation can throw up unexpected technicalities and difficulties that we have to contend with, but that doesnt mean to say that we shouldnt make decisions on the basis of our own moral beliefs. Bishop John Robinson once wrote, There is no one ethical system that can claim to be Christian and I completely agree with that. A supporter of the natural law approach asks what the law says and the situationist asks what is the best decision to help human beings, but why cant there be a middle ground? We should be able to use what was once the Law as a guideline when making ethical decisions rather than sticking rigidly to one approach just for the sake of theological argument. The Pope believes that the Law is Gods revealed will but it could be said that God revealed his will most fully through Jesus time on Earth. Not only did He preach on the importance of love, but He also showed us perfect examples of it throughout His life. It is the subtle difference between these doctrines that lies at the heart of many issues which are in hot debate at the moment. If the Church could ignore these theological ambiguities and become reunited, perhaps they could then learn to fulfill their purpose in Christ.

Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnes

Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger In Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger, the women characters play distinct roles in the dramas. However, the type of roles, the type of characters portrayed, and the purpose the women’s roles have in developing the plot and themes vary in each play. As demonstrated by The Importance of Being Earnest and Look Back in Anger, the majority of women’s roles ultimately reflect that women in British society were viewed to be unequal to men in love and in relationships and generally the weaker sex, emotionally, physically and intellectually. However, I have found an exception to this standard in the play Arcadia, in which Thomasina Coverly plays the role of a young genius. In Oscar Wilde’s drama The Importance of Being Earnest, he uses light-hearted tones and humor to poke fun at British high society while handling the serious theme of truth and the true identity of who is really â€Å"Earnest.† Truth as theme is most significantly portrayed through the women characters, Gwendolen and Cecily but to present serious themes comically, Wilde portrays women to be the weaker sex of society, despite the seriousness of the subject—the identity of the men they want to marry. Gwendolen and Cecily act like air-heads and are easily won over by the men they plan to marry. Gwendolen simply wants to marry a man named Earnest. She tells Jack â€Å"my ideal has always been to love someone of the name of Ernest† (I.381-82). The mere idea of marrying a man for his name shows how easily Gwendolen can attach herself to a man. Marriage is the most serious of all relationships and Gwendolen is foolish to deter... ..., Stoppard’s creation of Thomasina opens the door of opportunity in the world of drama for more women characters to be created with the same intelligence and respect in regards to love as well as academics. Works Cited Fleming, John. Stoppard’s Theater: Finding Order amid Chaos. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. Nadel, Ira. Tom Stoppard: A Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Osborne, John. Look Back in Anger. New York: Penguin, 1982. Stoppard, Tom. Arcadia. London: Faber and Faber, 1993. Thompson, Doreen. â€Å"Stoppard’s Idea of Woman: ‘Good, Bad, or Indifferent?’.† Ed. Anthony Jenkins. Critical Essays on Tom Stoppard. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990. 194-203. Wilde, Oscar. The Importance of Being Earnest. Peter Raby, ed. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays. London: Oxford University Press, 1995. 247-307. Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnes Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger In Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger, the women characters play distinct roles in the dramas. However, the type of roles, the type of characters portrayed, and the purpose the women’s roles have in developing the plot and themes vary in each play. As demonstrated by The Importance of Being Earnest and Look Back in Anger, the majority of women’s roles ultimately reflect that women in British society were viewed to be unequal to men in love and in relationships and generally the weaker sex, emotionally, physically and intellectually. However, I have found an exception to this standard in the play Arcadia, in which Thomasina Coverly plays the role of a young genius. In Oscar Wilde’s drama The Importance of Being Earnest, he uses light-hearted tones and humor to poke fun at British high society while handling the serious theme of truth and the true identity of who is really â€Å"Earnest.† Truth as theme is most significantly portrayed through the women characters, Gwendolen and Cecily but to present serious themes comically, Wilde portrays women to be the weaker sex of society, despite the seriousness of the subject—the identity of the men they want to marry. Gwendolen and Cecily act like air-heads and are easily won over by the men they plan to marry. Gwendolen simply wants to marry a man named Earnest. She tells Jack â€Å"my ideal has always been to love someone of the name of Ernest† (I.381-82). The mere idea of marrying a man for his name shows how easily Gwendolen can attach herself to a man. Marriage is the most serious of all relationships and Gwendolen is foolish to deter... ..., Stoppard’s creation of Thomasina opens the door of opportunity in the world of drama for more women characters to be created with the same intelligence and respect in regards to love as well as academics. Works Cited Fleming, John. Stoppard’s Theater: Finding Order amid Chaos. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. Nadel, Ira. Tom Stoppard: A Life. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Osborne, John. Look Back in Anger. New York: Penguin, 1982. Stoppard, Tom. Arcadia. London: Faber and Faber, 1993. Thompson, Doreen. â€Å"Stoppard’s Idea of Woman: ‘Good, Bad, or Indifferent?’.† Ed. Anthony Jenkins. Critical Essays on Tom Stoppard. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990. 194-203. Wilde, Oscar. The Importance of Being Earnest. Peter Raby, ed. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays. London: Oxford University Press, 1995. 247-307.

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing. In the book entitle â€Å"Amazing Grace† authored by Jonathan Kozol, the children were suffering under severe poverty based on the fact that their parent were very poor. According to Kozol’s writing, some of them were described as the .. †Poor of the poorest , poor by any standard.. † They were of mixed races according to him â€Å"two third are Hispanic, one third blacks† and of the total population he wrote â€Å" thirty-five percent children – more than 95 percent are poor people†.Most of them receive only the elementary education. Their parents could not train them up to high school level due to the fact that they were very poor. Kozol wrote â€Å"At the elementary school that server the neighbor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. only seven of the eight hundred do qualify for the free school launches.. †. How their character reflects the environment Due to the fact that their p arent were very poor and could not teach them good moral behavior so they grew up wild and behaved very uncontrollable and engaging in all criminal activities. Kozol reports: â€Å"..crack cocaine addiction and intravenous use of heroin which I have met here call â€Å"The niddle drug†¦Nearly 4000 heroin injections, many of whom are HIV –infected live here. † â€Å"Asthma is the common illness among the children†¦. † â€Å"Some of these houses are freezing in the winter. †. â€Å"Three more children and adults were shut dead in the living room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦Thirty minutes – a Minister and other Parishioner were shut dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kozol asked: â€Å"What is like for Children to grow up here? What do you think the world has done to them? † The answer to his first question is that the children were influenced by the environment they grew up.They grew up in poverty without sound education and the world does not car e about them. Therefore Kozo asked â€Å"What has the world do to them? † We shall now go over to answer some of those questions that are related to the question he asked in respect of the poor economic situation he found those children in his writing. â€Å"How does religion provide a frame work of stability for families in this neighborhood?. â€Å" (RS100/EVIL)Beefore we answer this question we should first of all answer this question which I feel forms the basis of religion. The question is â€Å"What rule does Ideology play in the suffering according to Kozol?†. To answer this question we must define the word â€Å"Ideology† this will give us a clue on exactly how it relates to the suffering children of Kozol’s writing. Let get the exact definition from the experts: â€Å"Ideology† â€Å"Could be defined as the mode of interaction between individuals† (RS-100/EVIL). One expert called â€Å"Max† wrote â€Å"†¦human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation†. Based on Max definition, we can understand that â€Å"ideology† is all about working for the goodness of the people and to co-operate with them in terms of need.Now we can answer the question of those suffering children in respect of the â€Å"ideology† concept. Based on this background, Kozol wrote â€Å"St Anne Church on St Anne Avenue is three blocks from the subway station. The children who came to this small Episcopal Church for food and comfort to play and the mothers and fathers who come here or pray†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now you can see the rule â€Å"Ideology† played in the life of those suffering children. They could find food and comfort including their fathers and mothers at St Anne’s church. Although the world generally do not care about them but the church cares.That is the real concept of â€Å"ideology †based on Max definition which states â€Å"human beings are concer ned about the good of the group – cooperation†. So the church which is a body of individuals could reach out with love to the suffering children. Within the church they received good moral teachings based on the principles of the Holy Bible and also to pray so that their lives could be transformed for a better society. â€Å"Religion as Protection Against Ideology† (RS100/Evil) The above statement gives us better understanding about the importance of religion to humanity which will play a key rule in times of need.â€Å"How does religion projects against ideology? † One answer states â€Å"It inspired religious people to always look for victims â€Å" Which means, religious people should search for victims and not victims to come to them although they could come to them just as the suffering children came to St Anne Church â€Å"for food and comfort† according to Kazol. But religious body should search for victims to help. â€Å"Are you going to celebrate the winner or looser? † (RS100/Evil). My answer is religious people should search for losers and not the winners. People in desperate situation and extreme poverty are losers who need help.They may be involved in natural disasters such as flooding, earthquake, fire disasters ect and they lost everything. In most cases, they could live in a very poor environment without access medical facilities, sound education, electricity and others. â€Å"If you develop a Preferential option for the poor then you are challenging your society to do something about them† (RS 100L/Evil). The small church at St. Anne has challenged other rich individuals and the government to do something for the poor masses in that region including those suffering under severe poverty throughout the United States.â€Å"The making of Ideology† (RS 100/Evil) According to Robert Nisbet – British Sociologist â€Å"-Coherency – Thoughts are connected to another in a way that m akes sense† While individuals such as church, philanthropic organizations, etc come with an idea to solve problems, other individuals could come up with same ideas that makes sense. Therefore it becomes a â€Å"coherent idea† due to the fact that that the thoughts of individuals have come into agreement that could go long way to solve human problems. â€Å"Relationship to Political Power† (RS 100/Evil).In the government circle, ideology plays a key rule due to the fact that people in the government are always thinking of how to solve problems which the citizens are passing through. As a result they could create out an agency which could reach out to the people facing such problem such as sending aids to disaster regions, epidemic etc. On the international level, governments, churches and other philanthropic organizations send aids to foreign countries to save lives of people who might have experienced natural disasters and even to refugees camps where there is an outbreak of civil war in a particular country.â€Å"Ideology Question† (RS 100L/Evil) â€Å"What is the mode of interaction between individual? † 1) Answer â€Å"Individuals in their natural state compete with each other for scare resources† 2) â€Å"If two individual are competing over access to some resources, they may kill each other in attempt to gain possession† As you can see, the second answer explains the first answer above. Take for example, the oil is a â€Å"scarce resource† due to the fact that it is not common in every nation. Consequently there are lot of conflicts going on in several parts of the world due its scarcity and high value.People kill each other in order to gain possession because it makes someone to get rich very quickly. But the Human beings are more valuable than the oil. The need to help the suffering people is scarce; only very few people could provide help like the church in Kozol writing. So it is very scarce to he lp the poor. Why is it so scarce to help human? The answer is that those who can help feel that they cannot have reward from those people they helped due to the fact that they are poor.But that of the oil, people fight for it and even kill themselves in order to gain access to it due to its value while the poor are not seen as valuable. Therefore the means to save the poor becomes a† scarce resource†. Amazing Grace (By Jonathan Kozol) Bill Gates Issues Call or Kinder Capitalism; (Wall Street Journal 24 Jan. 2008) Pres. Chavez to Help Poor in United States before Christmas (ThinKandask. com Nov. 2005 ) The poor in the usa call out for international help(Now Health 16 August, 2004) The Crime? Helping the Poor While Being Wealthy( A Alender Through About Editoral)

Glmaorizing Teen Pregnancy Essay

Media, specifically television has taken the issue of teen pregnancy to a whole other level. The shows 16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom, and The Secret Life of the American Teenager document the lives of young teenage girls facing the issue of being a pregnant teenager. Originally created to show the controversial subject of teen pregnancy, all of these shows soon began to change. As the seasons continued in all three of these shows, the controversial subject of teen pregnancy soon became a glorifying concept. What was first viewed as just a fantasy is now becoming a reality for many teenagers. Viewers of these shows are now seeing that teen pregnancy isn’t all that bad; it may even be considered normal according to MTV and ABC Family. The â€Å"teenage celebrities† on these shows are making it through life just fine; portraying that anyone else can too. Yes, these teenagers may have faced hard times in the beginning, but at the end of the day, their lives are unrealistically viewed as ordinary. Both MTV and ABC Family depict the lifestyle of being a pregnant teenager to be somewhat glamorizing. The reality television show 16 and Pregnant was first aired on MTV on June 11, 2009. This show follows the stories of four pregnant teenage girls [Farrah, Maci, Amber and Catelynn] that are in high school dealing with the hardships of teenage pregnancy. â€Å"Each episode follows a five to seven month period in the life of a teenager as she navigates the bumpy terrain of adolescence, growing pains, rebellion, and coming of age; all while dealing with being pregnant† (MTV. com). During the first few episodes of season one, the struggles of dealing with teenage pregnancy seemed difficult and nearly impossible. MTV portrayed each girl as if they were not going to make it through this crisis they were about to face, and their lives were soon coming to an end because being a pregnant teen was not acceptable. As the show continued and episodes passed, these so called â€Å"hardships†, no longer seemed to be that difficult. With all the support from their families and/or boyfriends that they received, these teenage girls were able to get through this bump in the road pretty well. Not only did they get support from people they knew, they received the most of their support from MTV. While teenage pregnancy might have started out rough, becoming an MTV celebrity could not have been too bad. According to Arienne Thompson, author of â€Å"16, Pregnant †¦ and Famous: Teem Moms Are TV’s New Stars†, â€Å"All four women are mainstays on USA TODAY’s Celebrity Heat Index, which measures media exposure; Portwood [Amber] topped the list for October, beating out Angelina Jolie and Prince William. The moms are regularly on the covers of People and Us Weekly and have Facebook fan pages dedicated to them† (USA Today). Putting the stars of these reality shows on a magazine cover puts them in the same place as any other famous person. The message that is being sent out to girls is that if they get pregnant as a result of being sexually active, then they too can end up on TV or on a magazine cover. Being sixteen and pregnant may not be the most ideal lifestyle, but becoming more popular than an experienced, well-known actress at the age of sixteen is another story. Viewers of 16 and Pregnant now see that if they become pregnant at a young age, they also can have the chance to become famous alike Farrah, Maci, Amber and Catelynn did. MTV did not decide to stop there though. As if these girls were not famous enough, as a continuation of 16 and Pregnant, MTV aired Teen Mom on December 8, 2009, only six short months after the broadcast of 16 and Pregnant took place. This show takes the four teenagers from 16 and Pregnant, and documents their first few years of motherhood. Receiving more attention than before, MTV has millions of viewers watching Teen Mom each week, making these â€Å"teenage celebrities† even more famous. Teen Mom executive producer Morgan J. Freeman says, â€Å"The concern for teens, however, is what else they may see in the show. While the Teen Mom stars have their share of struggles on the small screen each week, paparazzi shots and tabloid covers manage to rip them out of the context of MTV and place them in the realm of celebrity† (USA Today). Even celebrities agree that the characters on these shows are becoming too idolized. â€Å"Kim Kardashian boldly states that â€Å"It seems like shows like ‘Teen Mom’ are all of a sudden making teen pregnancy look cool in the eyes of young girls. She even goes a step farther and says that the girls from the shows â€Å"have become almost like celebrities, but girls these are not people you should idolize! †Ã¢â‚¬  (Jadebt13). Along with MTV, ABC Family decided to air a show following the life of a pregnant teenager. On, July 1, 2008, ABC Family aired the show, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, which became the network’s most watched series in the 12-34 demographic (McKay 1). This show follows the character Amy Jergen through her pregnant life, and also through her life of being a mother. In the first season, Amy realizes that she has become pregnant, and does not know how to tell her friends or family. This season shows the struggles that Amy faces while being pregnant, but as the season comes to an end, life become simpler to Amy. The Secret Life of the American Teenagers glamorizes her teen pregnancy by having the schools marching band play their instruments as Amy first returns back to school after finding out that she has become pregnant [which is a little unrealistic]. Not only does this event take place, but also Amy’s boyfriend, which is not the father of her soon to be son, proposes the idea of getting married and helping her take care of the baby. At the start of the second season, Amy has her baby boy, named John. With the birth of John everything soon turned into a fairytale ending, and her life completely turned around; her boyfriend problems fall into place, and she started to receive support from her family, friends and community. This season sent out the message to its viewers that if you become pregnant as a teenager, you will have support from surrounding people, when that is not always the case. In conclusion, television is glamorizing the lifestyle of pregnant teenagers. The shows 16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom, and The Secret Life of the American Teenager all have different story lines to them, but in the end, they all show that some good can come out of being a pregnant teen. 6 and Pregnant and Teen Mom are both reality television shows that idolize the glamour of being pregnant by the publicizing these girls not only on MTV, but also in outside sources such as magazines. The Secret Life of the American Teenager on the other hand, is a scripted television show that depicts teen pregnancy as being a joy, fun, and simple by showing how great life can be having a baby at such a young age. Both MTV and ABC Family chose to air similar concept shows around the same time period that glamorized teen pregnancy when r ealistic having a baby in your teen years is not ideal, nor a pleasure.

The Tanabata Festival in Japan and the Tanabata Story

The Tanabata Festival in Japan and the Tanabata Story July 7th (or August 7th in some areas) is the Tanabata, or star festival, in Japan. Tanabata is written with a two kanji characters ä ¸Æ' and Ã¥ ¤â€¢. People write their wishes on tanzaku (colorful small strips of papers) and hang them on bamboo trees along with other decorations. The most common tanabata decorations are the streamers that are usually made with variously colored origami. The bamboo branches with colorful decorations are quite pretty and look like a summer Christmas tree. There is even a popular ​childrens song for Tanabata.   Decorations If you are interested in creating Tanabata decorations, the Origami Club site has a collection of decorations that you can make with easy to follow instructions. The Kid Nifty site has some tanzaku papers that can be downloaded for you to write your wishes on. Lets all hope everyones wishes come true this year! Celebrations in Sendai The Sendai Tanabata Festival is considered one of the three major festivals of the Tohoku region, which is visited by over 2 million people every year. Tanabata is generally celebrated as a national event on July 7th, but the Sendai Tanabata Matsuri is held in August, in accordance with the lunar calendar. Similar events are held throughout the nation, but the Sendai Tanabata Festival is the most famous of all. Tanabata Story The Tanabata story was inspired by a famous Chinese legend. It also includes elements of local Japanese beliefs. The Tanabata story is associated with the stars, Altair (the Cowherd Star) and Vega (the Weaver Star). Here is the Tanabata Story and a romaji translation. Also on this site, you can listen to the audio for the story. 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Biological Weapons - Description and Potential List

Biological Weapons - Description and Potential List Biological Weapons Biological weapons are toxic materials produced from pathogenic organisms (usually microbes) or artificially manufactured toxic substances that are used to intentionally interfere with the biological processes of a host. These substances work to kill or incapacitate the host. Biological weapons may be used to target living organisms including humans, animals, or vegetation. They may also be used to contaminate nonliving substances such as air, water and soil. Microscopic Weapons There are a variety of microorganisms that can be used as biological weapons. Agents are commonly chosen because they are highly toxic, easily obtainable and inexpensive to produce, easily transferable from person to person, can be dispersed in aerosol form, or have no known vaccine. Common microbes used as biological weapons include: Bacteria -  these prokaryotic organisms  are capable of infecting cells and causing disease. Bacteria cause diseases such as anthrax and botulism. Viruses - are  about 1,000 times smaller than bacteria and require a host to replicate. They are responsible for disease including smallpox,  flesh-eating disease, Ebloa disease, and Zika disease. Fungi - some of these  eukaryotic organisms  contain deadly toxins that are harmful to plants, animals, and humans. They cause diseases such as  rice blast, wheat  stem rust,  aspergillosis (caused by inhaling fungal  spores), and bovine foot rot. Toxins - poisonous substances that can be extracted from plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Toxic substances that can be used as biological weapons include ricin and venom from animals such as snakes and spiders. Distribution Methods While it is possible to develop biological weapons from microbes,  finding a means of distributing the substances is difficult. One possible way is through aerosols. This can be ineffective as the materials often get clogged when spraying. Biological agents distributed by air may also be destroyed by UV light or rain may wash them away. Another method of distribution may be to attach the toxins to a bomb so that they may be released upon explosion. The problem with this is that the microbes will most likely be destroyed by the explosion as well. Toxins could be used to contaminate food and water supplies. This method would require extremely large amounts of toxin for a large scale attack. Protective Measures A number of measures can be taken to protect individuals against biological attacks. Should an aerosol attack occur, removing your clothing and showering are good methods for removing toxins. Biological weapons dont typically adhere to clothing or skin, but can be dangerous should they enter cuts or lesions on the skin. Protective clothing, such as masks and gloves, can provide protection against airborne particles. Other types of protective measures include administering  antibiotics and vaccines. Potential Biological Weapons Below is a list of a few biological organisms that may potentially be used as biological weapons. Microbe Natural Environment Target Host Mode of Contraction Diseases/Symptoms Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Soil Humans, Domestic Animals Open Wounds, Inhalation Pulmonary Anthrax Septicemia, Flu-like symptoms Clostridium botulinum Soil Humans Contaminated Food or Water, Inhalation Clostridium perfringens Intestines of humans and other animals, Soil Humans, Domestic Animals Open Wounds Gas gangrene, Severe Abdominal Cramps, Diarrhea RICIN Protein Toxin Extracted from Castor Bean Plants Humans Contaminated Food or Water, Inhalation, Injection Severe Abdominal Pain, Watery and Bloody Diarrhea, Vomiting, Weakness, Fever, Cough, and Pulmonary Edema Smallpox Eradicated from Nature, Now Obtained from Laboratory Stockpiles Humans Direct Contact with Bodily Fluids or Contaminated Objects, Inhalation Persistent Fever, Vomiting, Rash on Tongue and in Mouth, Rash and Bumps on Skin